Anestesia total intravenosa libre de opioides guiada por qCON y qNOX en paciente obesa / Total Intravenous anesthesia in patients with intestinal occlusive syndrome

Introducción: En los últimos años la anestesia libre de opioides ha constituido una alternativa más a las técnicas tradicionales de anestesia general. Con la exclusión de este grupo de fármacos se evitan los múltiples efectos adversos y complicaciones asociados al mismo. A pesar de que la anestesia libre de opioides tiene sus indicaciones y que ha demostrado sus beneficios en cierto grupo de pacientes, existen aún controversias en relación con su utilidad en el paciente obeso. Características como la obesidad hacen que los modelos multimodales empleados para programar la anestesia libre de opioides sean cada vez más complejos. Objetivos: Describir un caso clínico realizado con la técnica de anestesia libre de opioides que constituye la primera experiencia en Ecuador. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente obesa intervenida de colecistectomía laparoscópica mediante infusión de propofol, ketamina, lidocaína, sulfato de magnesio, y dexmedetomidina. La titulación de estos fármacos se realizó mediante cálculo de concentraciones plasmáticas a través de modelos farmacocinéticos y guiada por monitorización de profundidad anestésica y analgésica, con lo cual se logró optimizar el consumo de fármacos, disminuir las complicaciones y una evolución clínica favorable. Hasta donde se conoce a nivel local y de país (Ecuador) es la primera experiencia que se reporta con esta técnica. Conclusiones: La anestesia libre de opioides puede resultar una elección en el paciente obeso ya que asegura una adecuada recuperación sin efectos adversos asociados(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, opioid-free anesthesia has become another alternative in front of traditional general anesthesia techniques. The exclusion of this group of drugs avoids the numerous adverse effects and complications associated with its usage. Although opioid-free anesthesia has its indications and has showed its benefits in a certain group of patients, there is still controversy regarding its usefulness in the obese patient. Characteristics such as obesity make the multimodal models used to program opioid-free anesthesia increasingly complex. Objectives: To describe a clinical case involving the opioid-free anesthesia technique, which is the first experience in Ecuador. Case presentation: The case is presented of a female obese patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by infusion of propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine. Titration of these drugs was carried out by calculating plasma concentrations through pharmacokinetic models and guided by monitoring of anesthetic and analgesic depth, thus optimizing drug consumption, reducing complications and achieving a favorable clinical evolution. As far as known locally and in the country (Ecuador), this is the first reported experience with this technique. Conclusions: Opioid-free anesthesia may be a choice in the obese patient, since it ensures adequate recovery without associated adverse effects(AU)

Colecistectomía laparoscópica durante el embarazo, experiencia de un hospital universitario del noreste de México / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy, experience from a University Hospital in northeast Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica durante el embarazo, reportando complicaciones y desenlaces obstétricos y perinatales en nuestra institución. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional. Se incluyeron pacientes embarazadas, con diagnóstico de patología biliar sometidas a colecistectomía laparoscópica. Se describieron variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas, complicaciones o muerte posoperatoria. Resultados: Se realizaron 46 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, edad media de 25 años; 82,6% cursaban el segundo trimestre de embarazo; mostrando tasa de complicaciones de 4,4% directamente relacionadas con el procedimiento sin mortalidad materna. Discusión: Se asocia a la cirugía biliar a una tasa elevada de complicaciones durante el embarazo, sin embargo, existe mayor evidencia que apoya la idea de la intervención temprana en enfermedad biliar sintomática, con un mayor riesgo de muerte fetal bajo manejo conservador que bajo un abordaje quirúrgico, así como mayor tasa de recurrencia. Se ha demostrado que la cirugía no aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad para la madre y el feto y su retraso puede resultar en un incremento de morbilidad a corto y largo plazo. Conclusiones: Observamos una baja tasa de complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento quirúrgico, así como una nula mortalidad materna.

Aim: To evaluate the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy, reporting complications and obstetric and perinatal outcomes in our institution. Materials and Method: Retrospective, observational study. Pregnant patients with a diagnosis of biliary pathology undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. Sociodemographic, obstetric variables, complications or postoperative death were described. Results: 46 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed, mean age 25 years; 82.6% were in the second trimester of pregnancy; showing a complication rate of 4.4% directly related to the procedure with zero maternal mortality. Discussion: Biliary surgery is associated with a high rate of complications during pregnancy, however, there is more evidence supporting the idea of early intervention in symptomatic biliary disease, with a higher risk of fetal death under conservative management than under a laparoscopic approach, 14 as well as a higher recurrence ratecd. Surgery has been shown not to increase the risk of mortality for the mother and the fetus and its delay may result in an increase in morbidity in the short and long term. Conclusión: We observed a low rate of complications associated with the surgical procedure, as well as no maternal mortality.

¿Está exenta de consecuencias adversas la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva? / Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is it exempt from adverse consequences?

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para valorar las consecuencias de la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar (PIVB), investigando su asociación con complicaciones posoperatorias, uso de antibióticos y drenajes, duración de la cirugía y estancia posoperatoria. Materiales y Método: Se incluyeron 1.703 pacientes con colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva, divididos en dos grupos: con PIVB (Grupo 1; n = 321) y sin PIVB (Grupo 2; n = 1.382). Se compararon los resultados entre ambos grupos. Resultados: El porcentaje de PIVB fue de 18,85%. El vertido aislado de bilis ocurrió en 241 pacientes (14,15%) y el de bilis y cálculos en 80 pacientes (4,64%). La incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico no fue diferente entre ambos grupos. La incidencia de PIVB fue mayor en varones (43,3% vs 31,3%), pacientes con adherencias perivesiculares (17,75% vs. 10,5%) y pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de colecistitis aguda (11,52% vs. 4,92%). La PIVB se asoció significativamente con mayor duración de la cirugía (77,3 vs. 65,4 minutos), mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos y mayor estancia posoperatoria. No hubo complicaciones tardías. Discusión y Conclusión: La PIVB no aumenta la incidencia de infección, pero se asocia con un mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos, mayor duración de la cirugía y mayor estancia posoperatoria.

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes in patients with iatrogenic gallbladder perforation (IGP), investigating its association with postoperative complications, use of antibiotics and drains, operative time and postoperative stay. Materials and Method: 1703 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included and divided in two groups: with IGP (Group 1, n = 321) and without IGP (Group 2, n = 1382). We compared the outcomes between both groups. Results: The IGP rate was 18.85%. Isolated bile spillage occurred in 241 patients (14.15%), and stone spillage in 80 patients (4.64%). The incidence of surgical site infections was not different between both groups. The IGP rate was significantly higher in male (43.3% vs 31.3%), in patients with perivesicular adhesions (17.75% vs 10.5%) and in patients with histologic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (11.52% vs 4.92%). Operative time was significantly longer in patients with IGP (77.3 vs 65.4 minutes). Intraoperative drain and antibiotic use, as well as postoperative stay were, also, significantly higher in patients with IGP. There was not any late complication. Conclusión: Bile and gallstones spillage do not lead to an increase in surgical site infections, but is associated with an increased use of antibiotics and drains, longer operative time and longer postoperative stay.

Colecistectomía videolaparoscópica en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, Matanzas, 2014-2017 / Video laparoscopic cholecistectomy in the Military Hospital of Matanzas. 2014-2017

RESUMEN Introducción: en enero de 2000, comenzó la cirugía videolaparoscópica en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, de la ciudad de Matanzas. El equipo quirúrgico, en esa época, lo constituían cirujanos con varios años de experiencia y con una sólida formación en cirugía convencional. También poseían habilidades demostradas en la realización de colecistectomía a cielo abierto. A partir de 2011, una nueva generación de cirujanos desarrolló la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, con poca experiencia en cirugía a cielo abierto. Por lo tanto, se presentó la contradicción de que cada vez menos cirujanos tenían la experiencia técnica que requieren los casos más difíciles. Objetivo: determinar la seguridad en la realización de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Materiales y métodos: Investigación observacional, descriptiva y retrospectiva de los pacientes intervenidos de afecciones biliares benignas, por la técnica de colecistectomía laparoscópica, entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2017. Resultados: fueron colecistectomizados 2 016 pacientes. De ellos, 1 759 (87 %) correspondieron al sexo femenino, y 257 (13 %) al masculino. Comorbilidades presentes en el 46,3 %. Cirugías: electivas, 1 801; urgentes, 215. Eventos adversos, 38 (1,88 %). Conversiones, 28 (1,3 %). Mortalidad operatoria, 5 (0,24 %). Conclusiones: resultan seguras las colecistectomías laparoscópicas por el bajo índice de eventos adversos, conversiones y mortalidad operatoria (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: video laparoscopic surgery began in January 2000, at the Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy Military Hospital. The surgical team, at that time, were surgeons with years of experience and a solid training in conventional surgery. They also had demonstrated skills in performing open cholecystectomy. Starting in 2011, a new generation of surgeons developed minimally invasive surgery, with little experience in open surgery. Therefore, it arose the paradox that fewer and fewer surgeons had the technical experience required in the most difficult cases. Objective: to determine the safety in performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and methods: retrospective, descriptive and observational research of the patients who underwent surgeries of benign biliary conditions, by the technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the period January 2014- December 2017. Results: 1759 patients were cholecystectomized. 87.25% were female ones and 257 (13%) were male: Comorbidities were present in 46.3%. 1 801 were elective surgeries; emergency surgeries were 215. There were 38 (1.88%) adverse events and 28 (1.3%) conversions. The operatory mortality was 5 (0.24%). Conclusions: laparoscopic cholecystectomy are safe because of the low index of adverse events, conversion and operatory mortality (AU).

Colecistectomía y trasplante cardíaco / Cholecystectomy and heart transplantation

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los avances en cuidados perioperatorios e inmunosupresión permitieron que la su pervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados aumente significativamente, así observamos que la litiasis vesicular es más frecuente en este grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y describir los resultados obtenidos en colecistecto mías en pacientes trasplantados cardíacos. Material y métodos: seleccionamos los pacientes mediante una búsqueda cruzada entre las bases de datos de Trasplante Cardíaco y Cirugía Biliar. Recopilamos información sobre sus antecedentes médi cos, parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio, entre otros. Resultados: entre enero 1994-diciembre 2017 se realizaron 154 trasplantes cardíacos con una edad media de 40 años; 16 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio y en los cuales fue realizada la cole cistectomía laparoscópica posterior al trasplante. No se registraron morbilidad, readmisiones ni mor talidad. Conclusión: la colecistectomía laparoscópica es segura y es el método de elección en pacientes tras plantados cardíacos. Se debe realizar colangiografía intraoperatoria, ya que los predictores de litiasis coledociana suelen estar alterados.

ABSTRACT Background: The advances in perioperative care and immunosuppressive treatment resulted in a significant increase in survival of transplant patients; as a result, cholelithiasis is more common in transplant patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze and describe the results obtained in cholecystectomies in heart transplant patients. Material and methods: We selected patients by cross-referencing the databases of heart transplantation and scheduled biliary surgeries, and collected information on their medical history, clinical parameters and laboratory tests, among other data. Results: Between January 1994 and December 2017, 154 heart transplant procedures were performed; mean age was 40 years; 16 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after heart transplantation and were included in this study. There were no complications, readmissions or deaths. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and is the method of choice for heart transplant patients with cholelithiasis. Intraoperative cholangiography should be performed as the predictors of choledocholithiasis are usually abnormal.

Importancia de la vena cística en la colecistectomía laparoscópica / Importance of the cystic vein in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Resumen Objetivo: Existen diferencias en la descripción de la vena cística en la literatura, en muchas ocasiones sin considerarla un elemento importante. Consideramos que es de vital importancia describir la presencia de la vena cística como elemento significativo que puede alterar la vista crítica de seguridad (VCS) durante las colecistectomías y asimismo, originar errores. Materiales y Método: Entre el 1° de enero de 2014 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018, se evaluó la presencia de la vena cística durante la disección del triángulo hepatocístico en las colecistectomías. Resultados: 397 colecistectomías laparoscópicas fueron realizadas, en 30 casos se evidenciaron elementos adicionales en el triángulo hepatocístico que requirieron una disección prolija, la cual después de seguir su trayecto y al evaluar otros reparos anatómicos como el surco de Rouvière y la visualización de la vía biliar, se consideró debido a sus características que se trataba de una vena cística en 8 casos (2%). Discusión: La vena cística es una estructura anatómica cuya existencia se debe tener en mente por parte del cirujano que realiza la colecistectomía laparoscópica, porque puede aparecer como un elemento significativo alterando la vista crítica de seguridad. Aunque en nuestra serie como elemento significativo es del 2%, otras series la describen con una frecuencia mucho mayor. Conclusión: Es necesario realizar más estudios sobre la presencia e importancia como reparo anatómico debido a su valor para prevenir lesiones de la vía biliar y como factor de confusión en la vista crítica de seguridad.

Aim: There are differences in the description of the cystic vein in the literature, often without considering it an important element. We consider it vital to describe the presence of the cystic vein as a significant element that can disturb the critical view of safety during cholecystectomies, and also cause mistakes. Materials and Method: Between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018, the presence of the cystic vein during the dissection of the cystohepatic triangle in cholecystectomies was evaluated. Results: 397 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed, in 30 cases additional elements were evidenced in the cystohepatic triangle, which required a careful dissection, which after following its path and when evaluating other anatomical repairs such as the Rouvière sulcus and the visualization of the biliary tract, it was considered due to its characteristics that it was a cystic vein in 8 cases (2%). Discussion: The cystic vein is an anatomical structure whose existence must be kept in mind by the surgeon who performs laparoscopic cholecystectomy, because it can appear as a significant element altering the critical view of safety. Although in our series as a significant element it is 2%, other series describe it with a much higher frequency. Conclusion: It is necessary to carry out more studies on the presence and importance as an anatomical repair due to its value to prevent bile duct injuries and as a factor of confusion in the critical safety view.

Dispositivos supraglóticos con acceso gástrico en colecistectomía laparoscópica / Supraglottic Devices with Gastric Access in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Introducción: El abordaje de la vía aérea del paciente bajo cirugía laparoscópica representa múltiples retos para el anestesiólogo. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de tres dispositivos supraglóticos con acceso gástrico en el abordaje de la vía aérea de pacientes bajo colecistectomía laparoscópica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, prospectivo, longitudinal en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", entre el 2017 y 2019. Se constituyeron tres grupos de 40 pacientes, según dispositivo: máscara laríngea proseal, máscara laríngea supreme y máscara I-gel. Se estudió: tiempo de inserción, número de intentos para colocación, facilidad de inserción de la sonda nasogástrica, presión y suficiencia de sellado orofaríngeo, presión pico con neumoperitoneo y complicaciones. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y las cuantitativas con medias y desviación estándar. Para la asociación entre variables cualitativas, se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, y el análisis de varianza para la asociación entre cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se consideró significativo valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: La máscara laríngea supreme se insertó con éxito al primer intento en la mayoría de los pacientes (p = 0,004). La I-gel registró el menor tiempo de inserción (10,05 ± 1,75 seg) y la Supreme mayor facilidad para la sonda nasogástrica (p < 0,001). La mayor presión de sellado fue con la máscara laríngea proseal (30,87 ± 2,60 cmH2O). Las complicaciones fueron pocas y similares con cada uno. Conclusiones: La utilización de dispositivos supraglóticos con acceso gástrico demostró seguridad y efectividad en pacientes intervenidos por colecistectomía laparoscópica(AU)

Introduction: Airway management in the patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery presents multiple challenges for the anesthesiologist. Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of three supraglottic devices with gastric access in the airway management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A quasiexperimental, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out, between 2017 and 2019, at General Calixto García University Hospital. Three groups of forty patients were made up, according to the usage of each device: ProSeal laryngeal mask, Supreme laryngeal mask, and I-gel mask. The following variables were studied: insertion time, number of placement attempts, ease of insertion of nasogastric tube, pressure and sufficiency of oropharyngeal sealing, peak pressure with pneumoperitoneum, and complications. Qualitative variables were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies; and quantitative variables, with means and standard deviation. For the association between qualitative variables, the chi-square test was used, while variance analysis was used for the association between quantitative and qualitative variables. A value of P< 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The Supreme laryngeal mask was successfully inserted on the first attempt in most patients (P=0.004). The I-gel mask had the shortest insertion time (10.05±1.75 seconds), while the Supreme was the easiest for the nasogastric tube (P< 0.001). The highest sealing pressure was obtained with the ProSeal laryngeal mask (30.87±2.60 cmH2O). The complications were few and similar with each device. Conclusions: The use of supraglottic devices with gastric access showed safety and effectiveness in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy(AU)

Opioid-free general anesthesia and induced recovery from anesthesia in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type-1: a case report / Anestesia geral sem opioide e recuperação induzida da anestesia em paciente com distrofia miotônica tipo-1: relato de caso

Abstract Myotonic dystrophy type-1 (Steinert disease) is an autosomal dominant, progressive multisystem disease in which myotonic crisis can be triggered by several factors including pain, emotional stress, hypothermia, shivering, and mechanical or electrical stimulation. In this report, dexmedetomidine-based general anesthesia, in combination with a thoracic epidural for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Steinert disease, is presented. An Aintree intubation catheter with the guidance of a fiberoptic bronchoscope was used for intubation to avoid laryngoscopy. Prolonged anesthetic effects of propofol were reversed, and recovery from anesthesia was accelerated using an intravenous infusion of theophylline.

Resumo A Distrofia Miotônica (DM) tipo-1 (Doença de Steinert) é uma doença multissistêmica progressiva autossômica dominante em que a crise miotônica pode ser desencadeada por vários fatores, incluindo dor, estresse emocional, hipotermia, tremores e estímulo mecânico ou elétrico. O presente relato descreve anestesia geral realizada com dexmedetomidina em combinação com peridural torácica para colecistectomia laparoscópica em paciente com Doença de Steinert. Para evitar laringoscopia, a intubação traqueal foi realizada utilizando cateter de intubação Aintree guiado por broncofibroscopia óptica. Os efeitos anestésicos prolongados do propofol foram revertidos e a recuperação anestésica foi acelerada pelo uso de infusão intravenosa de teofilina.

Effect of palonosetron, ondansetron and dexamethasone in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in video cholecystectomy with total venous anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil - randomized clinical trial / Efeito da palonosetrona, ondansetrona e dexametasona na prevenção de náusea e vômito pós-operatório em videocolecistectomia com anestesia venosa total com propofol-remifentanil - ensaio clínico randomizado duplo cego

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) after video cholecystectomy is high. Progress in pharmacological PONV prophylaxis includes a new generation of 5-HT3 antagonists. This study aims to assess the effect of the 5-HT3 antagonist in postanesthetic antiemetic management of patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy with total intravenous anesthesia. Methods: Sixty individuals who underwent video cholecystectomy were randomized into three groups of 20 individuals according to the treatment administered: 0.125 mg of palonosetron (Group 1); 4 mg of ondansetron associated with 4 mg of dexamethasone (Group 2); 4 mg of dexamethasone (Group 3). General intravenous anesthesia was performed with propofol, remifentanil and rocuronium. The group to which the participant belonged was concealed from the investigator who assessed drug effect. PONV was assessed using the Rhodes Scale at 12 and 24 hours after surgery. Rescue medication was 0.655 to 1.5 mg of droperidol. Results: Group 1 presented a lower incidence of PONV and required less rescue medication in the first postoperative hour. There was no significant difference among the three groups regarding PONV incidence in the first 12 postoperative hours. Groups 1 and 2 were superior to Group 3 regarding the control of PONV from 12 to 24 hours, and after rescue medication from 12 to 24 hours. Group 1 showed significantly superior nausea control in the first 12 postoperative hours. Conclusions: The present study showed evidence that palonosetron is superior to the drugs compared regarding a protracted antiemetic effect and less requirement of rescue drugs, mainly related to its ability to completely inhibit the uncomfortable symptom of nausea.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Náuseas e Vômitos no Pós-Operatório (NVPO) têm alta incidência após videocolecistectomia. Avanços na profilaxia farmacológica de NVPO incluem a nova geração de antagonista 5-HT3. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do antagonista 5-HT3 no controle antiemético pós-anestésico em videocolecistectomia com anestesia venosa total. Método: Estudo realizado no HC-UFU (Hospital Terciário). Sessenta indivíduos submetidos a videocolecistectomia foram randomizados em três grupos de igual número, sendo administrados 0,125 mg de palonosetrona (Grupo 1); 4 mg de ondasetrona e 4 mg de dexametasona (Grupo 2); ou 4 mg de dexametasona (Grupo 3). A anestesia geral venosa foi realizada com propofol, remifentanil e rocurônio. O avaliador do efeito da droga desconhecia o grupo ao qual o indivíduo pertencia. NVPO foi avaliada aplicando a Escala de Rhodes após 12 e 24 horas do término da cirurgia. Para resgate terapêutico, foi estabelecido 0,655−1,5 mg de droperidol. Resultado: Observou-se no Grupo 1 menor incidência de NVPO e de resgate terapêutico na primeira hora de PO. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os três grupos com relação a ocorrência de NVPO nas primeiras 12 horas de pós-operatório. Os grupos 1 e 2 foram superiores ao Grupo 3 no que se refere ao controle de NVPO de 12 a 24 horas e após o resgate de 12−24 horas. Observou-se que o controle de náuseas nas primeiras 12 horas de pós-operatório do Grupo 1 foi significantemente superior. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou evidências da superioridade da palonosetrona às demais drogas empregadas no que se refere ao efeito antiemético prolongado e menor necessidade de resgate, principalmente na capacidade de inibir completamente o desconfortável sintoma de náusea.

Effect of acupuncture on the prevention of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized clinical trial / Efeitos da acupuntura para a prevenção de náuseas e vômitos após colecistectomia laparoscópica: estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Background and objectives: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common and undesirable complication observed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We investigated the effects of auriculoacupuncture (AA) on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the immediate postoperative period of uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Sixty-eight patients were randomly divided into two groups, auriculoacupuncture (n = 35) and control (n = 33), and then they were evaluated prospectively. The needle was placed before anaesthesia induction and remained for 20 minutes. Nausea intensity was evaluated using an analogic visual scale and PONV events were registered immediately after anaesthesia care unit admission and in the second, fourth and sixth hours after the surgery. Results: The auriculoacupuncture group had a significantly smaller incidence of nausea and vomiting than the control group throughout the whole postoperative period (16/35 vs. 27/33, p= 0.03 and 4/35 vs. 15/33, p= 0.005, respectively); the AA group had fewer nausea events 2 h (p= 0.03) and 6 h (p= 0.001) after surgery and fewer vomiting events 2 h (p= 0.01) and 6 h (p= 0.02) after surgery. Conclusions: Auriculoacupuncture can partially prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting when compared to metoclopramide alone after uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Auriculoacupuncture can be recommended as an adjuvant therapy for postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention in selected patients.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Náuseas e vômitos são complicações comuns e indesejáveis no pós-operatório de colecistectomia laparoscópica (CL). Nós investigamos os efeitos da auriculoacupuntura (AA) para a prevenção de náuseas e vômitos no período pós-operatório (NVPO) imediato da CL não complicada. Métodos: 68 pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos, auriculoacupuntura (n = 35) e controle (n = 33), e foram avaliados prospectivamente. A agulha foi aplicada antes da indução anestésica e permaneceu no lugar por 20 minutos. A intensidade da náusea foi avaliada mediante escala visual analógica e episódios de NVPO foram registrados imediatamente após a admissão na unidade de recuperação anestésica e duas, quatro e seis horas após a cirurgia. Resultados: O grupo AA apresentou significativamente menos episódios de NVPO do que o grupo controle durante todo o período pós-operatório (16/35 vs. 27/33, p = 0,03 e 4/35 vs. 15/33, p = 0,005, respectivamente). O grupo auriculoacupuntura apresentou episódios de náuseas menos intensos às 2 horas (p = 0,03) e 6 horas (p = 0,001) após a cirurgia e menos episódios de vômitos 2 horas (p = 0,01) e 6 horas (p = 0,02) após a cirurgia. Conclusão: A auriculoacupuntura aliviou náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório em número significante de pacientes, mas não foi capaz de prevenir náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório em todos os pacientes. Ela pode ser recomendada como terapia adjuvante para prevenção de náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório no pós-operatório de colecistectomia laparoscópica em pacientes selecionados.

Impact of Grade I obesity on respiratory mechanics during video laparoscopic surgery: prospective longitudinal study / Impacto da obesidade Grau I na mecânica respiratória durante cirurgia videolaparoscópica: estudo longitudinal prospectivo

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The association pneumoperitoneum and obesity in video laparoscopy can contribute to pulmonary complications, but has not been well defined in specific groups of obese individuals. We assessed the effects of pneumoperitoneum in respiratory mechanics in Grade I obese compared to non-obese. Methods: Prospective study including 20 patients submitted to video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, normal spirometry, divided into non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kg.m-2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg.mg-2), excluding Grade II and III obese. We measured pulmonary ventilation mechanics data before pneumoperitoneum (baseline), and five, fifteen and thirty minutes after peritoneal insufflation, and fifteen minutes after disinflation (final). Results: Mean BMI of non-obese was 22.72 ± 1.43 kg.m-2 and of the obese 31.78 ± 1.09 kg.m-2, p < 0.01. Duration of anesthesia and of peritoneal insufflation was similar between groups. Baseline pulmonary compliance (Crs) of the obese (38.3 ± 8.3 mL.cm H2O-1) was lower than of the non-obese (47.4 ± 5.7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0.01. After insufflation, Crs decreased in both groups and remained even lower in the obese at all moments assessed (GLM p < 0.01). Respiratory system peak pressure and plateau pressure were higher in the obese, albeit variations were similar at moments analyzed (GLM p > 0.05). The same occurred with elastic pressure, higher in the obese at all times (GLM p = 0.04), and resistive pressure showed differences in variations between groups during pneumoperitoneum (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusions: Grade I obese presented more changes in pulmonary mechanics than the non-obese during video laparoscopies and the fact requires mechanical ventilation-related care.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Em videolaparoscopias, a associação de pneumoperitônio e obesidade pode contribuir para complicações pulmonares, mas não está bem definida em grupos específicos de obesos. Avaliamos os efeitos do pneumoperitônio na mecânica respiratória dos obesos Grau I em comparação aos não obesos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 20 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, com espirometria normal, separados em não-obesos (IMC ≤ 25 kg.m-2) e obesos (IMC > 30 kg.mg-2), excluídos obesos Grau II e III. Mensuramos dados da mecânica ventilatória pulmonar antes do pneumoperitônio basal, após cinco, quinze e trinta minutos da insuflação peritoneal e quinze minutos após a desinsuflação final. Resultados: O IMC médio dos não obesos foi de 22,72 ± 1,43 kg.m-2 e dos obesos 31,78 ± 1,09 kg.m-2, p < 0,01. A duração da anestesia e da insuflação peritoneal foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A complacência pulmonar (Crs) basal dos obesos (38,3 ± 8,3 mL.cm H2O-1) foi inferior aos não obesos (47,4 ± 5,7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0,01. Após a insuflação, a Crs diminuiu nos dois grupos e permaneceu ainda mais baixa nos obesos em todos os momentos avaliados (GLM p < 0,01). A pressão de pico e a pressão de platô do sistema respiratório foram mais elevadas nos obesos, mas apresentaram semelhantes variações nos momentos analisados (GLM p > 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com a pressão elástica, mais elevada nos obesos em todos tempos (GLM p = 0,04), e a pressão resistiva apresentou diferenças nas variações entre os grupos durante o pneumoperitônio (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusão: Obesos Grau I apresentam maiores alterações na mecânica pulmonar que os não obesos em videolaparoscopias e este fato recomenda cuidados relacionados a ventilação mecânica.

Colecistitis enfisematosa: presentación de tres casos / Emphysematous cholecystitis: a report of three cases

Antecedentes: la colecistitis enfisematosa (CE) es una forma de presentación infrecuente de la colecistitis aguda. Material y métodos: presentecedentes patológicos, mientras que los otros eran diabéticos. A todos se les realizó tomografía computarizada (TC). Dos pacientes fueron sometidos a colecistectomía videolaparoscópica (CL) con buena evolución, mientras que en un caso se realizó colecistostomía percutánea (CP). Discusión: la CE se refiere a la presencia de gas en la luz o en la pared de la vesícula biliar. La tasa de morbilidad es del 50%. Los pacientes suelen padecer diabetes, pero puede presentarse en pacientes más jóvenes sin factores de riesgo. La TC es el método de elección para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento definitivo es la CL, aunque la CP es otra opción válida. Conclusión: la CL se considera un enfoque eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento de la CE.

Background: Emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) is a rare presentation of acute cholecystitis. Material and methods: We report three cases of EC in two men and one woman between 55 and 79 years. One of the patients was otherwise healthy while the other two were diabetics. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in all the cases. Two patients underwent video-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy with favorable outcome and one patient underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy. Discussion: Emphysematous cholecystitis is characterized by the presence of gas in the gallbladder lumen or wall. Mortality rate is 50%. Most patients are diabetics, but EC may present in younger patients without risk factors. Computed tomography scan is the method of choice for the diagnosis. Cholecystectomy is indicated as definite treatment, but percutaneous cholecystostomy may be a valid option. Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and antibiotics are effective and safe to treat.

Papel de la proteína C reactiva y la velocidad de sedimentación globular en la predicción de colecistectomía laparoscópica dificultosa: su aplicación en un programa de residencia universitario / Role of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate to predict difficult laproscopic cholecystectomy in a university residency program

Antecedentes: la colecistectomía laparoscópica es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más frecuentemente realizados. Las diferencias en la anatomía y en el grado de inflamación vesicular suelen causar dificultades técnicas intraoperatorias. Objetivo: determinar el valor de la proteína C reactiva (PCR) y la velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) como predictores de colecistectomía dificultosa y evaluar su aplicación en la planificación prequirúrgica de un programa de residencia universitario. Material y métodos: se confeccionó un estudio retrospectivo, analítico, en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron 104 pacientes adultos operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica por litiasis vesicular sintomática entre enero y julio de 2019. Se categorizó a los pacientes en un grupo de colecistectomías dificultosas y otro de colecistectomías no dificultosas. Resultados: se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los valores de VSG y PCR de ambos grupos (p < 0,001). La sensibilidad de la VSG fue del 100%, la especificidad del 45%, el VPP del 40% y el VPN de 100%. La sensibilidad de la PCR fue del 87,5%, la especificidad del 86,3%, el VPP del 70% y el VPN de 95%. Ambos parámetros se vieron elevados en 14 de 16 colecistectomías dificultosas y en 2 de 44 colecistectomías no dificultosas. La sensibilidad para ambos parámetros elevados fue del 87,5%, la especificidad del 95%, el VPP del 87,5% y el VPN de 95%. Conclusión: la VSG y la PCR han demostrado ser un método fiable en la predicción de colecistectomías dificultosas por litiasis vesicular sintomática. Esto podría ser aplicado en la programación de cirugías dentro de un programa de residencia universitario.

Background: laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most common procedures performed in general surgery. The anatomical differences of the gallbladder and the presence of factors related to inflammation can cause technical issues during surgery. Objective: the aim of the present study was to determine the value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as predictors of difficult cholecystectomy and to evaluate their application during presurgical planning within a university residency program. Material and methods: we conducted a retrospective and analytical study in a tertiary university hospital. A total of 104 adult patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to symptomatic cholelithiasis between January and July 2019 were included. The patients were categorized into two groups: difficult cholecystectomy and non-difficult cholecystectomy. Results: there were statistically significant differences in ESR and CRP values between both groups (p < 0.001). Sensitivity of ESR was 100%, specificity was 45%, with a PPV of 40% and NPV of 100%. Sensitivity of CRP was 87.5%, specificity was 86.3%, with a PPV of 70% and NPV of 95%. Both parameters were elevated in 14 of 16 difficult cholecystectomies and in 2 of 44 non-difficult cholecystectomies. Sensitivity of CRP was 87.5%, specificity was 86.3%, with a PPV of 70% and NPV of 95%. Conclusion: measuring ESR and CRP has proved to be a reliable method to predict difficult cholecystectomies due to symptomatic cholelithiasis. This could be applied for surgical planning within a university residency program.

Analgesia posoperatoria con opioide de acción rápida en la colecistectomía video laparoscópica / Postoperative analgesia with fast-acting opioid during videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción: La cirugía video laparoscópica posee beneficios para los pacientes. Las intervenciones con tiempos reducidos implican técnicas anestésicas ajustadas a ellos, lo que determina no pocas dificultades cuando el dolor aparece en la práctica asistencial. El hallazgo de pacientes con dolor posoperatorio inmediato motivó la realización del estudio. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un opioide de acción rápida como analgésico posoperatorio inmediato administrado vía intranasal. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio causiexpereimental, con dos grupos de enfermos (100 cada uno) a los que se les realizó colecistectomía por vía laparoscópica en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, a los 100 pacientes en estudio se les administró FENTANYL 50 mcg intranasal en gotas al llegar a la sala de cuidados posoperatorios. Las variables de estudio incluyeron el dolor según la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA), el tiempo de inicio de acción del opioide y la analgesia lograda, así como los efectos derivados de su empleo. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 51 ± 2, predominó el sexo masculino con 55 por ciento de los casos, se evidenció una EVA promedio de todos los casos iniciales en 3. Al alta, 100 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo estudio poseían analgesia excelente (EVA 2), mientras que los controles poseían una EVA promedio en 5. El prurito fue el evento adverso más frecuente tras la administración de FENTANYL intranasal. Conclusiones: El empleo de un opioide de acción rápida (FENTANYL) es una medida de control del dolor posoperatorio excelente y segura(AU)

Introduction: Videolaparoscopic surgery has benefits for patients. Interventions with reduced times involve anesthetic techniques adjusted to them, which determines many difficulties when pain manifests in the care practice. The finding of patients with immediate postoperative pain motivated the study. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a fast-acting opioid as an immediate postoperative analgesic administered by intranasal way. Method: A quasiexperimental study was developed, with two groups of patients (100 each) who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Dr. Luis Díaz Soto Central Military Hospital. The hundred patients under study were administered fentanyl 50 mcg as intranasal drops upon arriving at the postoperative care room. The study variables included pain according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the onset time of opioid action, and the analgesia achieved, as well as the effects derived from its use. Results: The average age was 51 ± 2, the male sex predominated with 55 percent of the cases, an average VAS of all the initial cases was evidenced in three. At discharge, 100 percent of the patients in the study group had excellent analgesia (VAS 2), whereas the controls had an average VAS in 5. Pruritus was the most frequent adverse event after the administration of intranasal fentanyl. Conclusions: The use of a fast-acting opioid (fentanyl) is an excellent and safe postoperative pain control measure(AU)

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial / Eficácia do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia após colecistectomia laparoscópica: um estudo controlado randômico

Abstract Background and objectives: The primary aim of this study is to assess the effect of ultrasoung-guided erector spinae block on postoperative opioid consumption after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The secondary aims are to assess the effects of erector spinae plane block on intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores. Methods: Patients between 18-70 years old, ASA I-II were included in the study and randomly allocated into two groups. In Group ESP, patients received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine at the level of T7, while in Group Control, they received bilateral US-ESP with 40 ml of saline before the induction of anesthesia. Then a standard general anesthesia procedure was conducted in both groups. NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th, 60th minutes, 12th and 24th hours, intraoperative fentanyl need and total postoperative tramadol consumption were recorded. Results: There were 21 patients in Group ESP and 20 patients in Group Control. Mean postoperative tramadol consumption was 100 ± 19.2 mg in Group ESP, while it was 143 ± 18.6 mg in Group Control (p < 0.001). The mean intraoperative fentanyl need was significantly lower in Group ESP (p = 0.022). NRS scores at the postoperative 15th, 30th min, 12th hour and 24th hour were significantly lower in ESP group (p < 0.05). According to repeated measures analysis, NRS score variation over time was significantly varied between two groups (F[1, 39] = 24.061, p < 0.0005). Conclusions: Bilateral US-ESP block provided significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption, intraoperative fentanyl need and postoperative pain scores of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom (US-ESP) sobre o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório após colecistectomia laparoscópica. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha sobre a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e nos escores de dor pós-operatória. Métodos: Pacientes entre 18 e 70 anos, ASA I-II, foram incluídos no estudo e alocados randomicamente em dois grupos. No Grupo ESP, os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% no nível de T7, enquanto no Grupo Controle os pacientes receberam o bloqueio bilateral US-ESP com 40 mL de solução salina antes da indução da anestesia. Em seguida, um procedimento-padrão de anestesia geral foi feito em ambos os grupos. Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e o consumo total de tramadol no pós-operatório foram registrados. Resultados: O grupo ESP foi constituído por 21 pacientes e o Grupo Controle por 20. O consumo médio de tramadol no pós-operatório foi de 100 ± 19,2 mg no Grupo ESP e de 143 ± 18,6 mg no grupo controle (p < 0,001). A necessidade média de fentanil no intraoperatório foi significativamente menor no grupo ESP (p = 0,022). Os escores da NRS aos 15, 30 e 60 minutos e em 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório foram significativamente menores no grupo ESP (p < 0,05). De acordo com a análise de medidas repetidas, a variação do escore NRS ao longo do tempo foi estatisticamente significativa entre dois grupos (F [1,39] = 24,061, p < 0,0005). Conclusões: O bloqueio bilateral US-ESP reduziu de forma significativa o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório, a necessidade de fentanil no intraoperatório e os escores de dor no pós-operatório dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica.

Angiotomografía de las variantes anatómicas de la arteria cística: estudio en el preoperatorio de colelitiasis / Angiotomography of the anatomical variants of the cystic artery: pre-operative study of cholelithiasis

La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el tratamiento indicado en la colelitiasis, sin embargo el procedimiento no está exento de complicaciones o morbilidad concomitante. Es posible que, debido a lesiones ductales colaterales, ocurra sangrado con posibilidad de conversión de la cirugía e indeseables resultados. Para un correcto abordaje de la región se hace fundamental la identificación del trígono cistohepático (TCH) y sus componentes, a su vez de la ligadura y sección de la arteria cística (AC). Conociendo la elevada variabilidad de la AC, el objetivo de este trabajo consistió en identificar el número, origen, trayecto y relación de la AC con el TCH y sus variaciones, utilizando angiotomografía por medio de un tomógrafo detector de 64 cortes, en el preoperatorio de 30 pacientes de sexo femenino, entre 24 y 54 años de edad, con colelitiasis diagnosticadas clínicamente y por ecosonografía. La AC en el 76,67 % era única y se encontraba dentro del TCH, en el 16,67 % era única y se observó fuera del TCH. En el 6,67 % se observaron dos AC, una dentro y otra fuera del TCH. En el 66,67 % de los casos la AC se originaba de manera normal de la arteria hepática derecha. La trazabilidad de la AC fue en el 53,3 % medianamente visible y en el 46,7 % de trazabilidad excelente. En conclusión, la identificación de la AC y sus variaciones anatómicas se puede determinar en el preoperatorio y puede ser útil para mejorar el plan quirúrgico en pacientes con colelitiasis, brindando información al procedimiento, optimizarlo y disminuir los riesgos de eventuales complicaciones relacionados con sangrado.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment indicated for cholelithiasis, however the procedure is not free of complications or concomitant morbidity. It is possible that, due to collateral ductal lesions, bleeding occurs with the possibility of surgery conversion and undesirable results. For a correct approach to the region it is essential to identify the cystohepatic trigone (CHT) and its components, as well as the ligation and section of the cystic artery (AC). Knowing the high variability of CA, the aim of this work was to identify the number, origin, path and relationship of CA with the CHT and its variations using angiotomography by means of a 64-slice detector tomograph in the preoperative period of 30 female patients, between 24 and 54 years old, with clinically diagnosed cholelithiasis and by echo sonography. The AC in 76.67 % was unique and was within the CHT, in 16.67 % it was unique and was observed outside the CHT. In 6.67 %, two ACs were observed, one inside and one outside the TCH. In 66.67 % of cases, CA originated normally from the right hepatic artery. The traceability of AC was 53.3 % moderately visible and 46.7 % excellent traceability. In conclusion, the identification of AC and its anatomical variations can be determined in the preoperative period and can be useful to improve the surgical plan in patients with cholelithiasis, providing information on the procedure, optimizing it and reducing the risks of possible bleeding related complications.

Fibrosis quística del adulto y cirugía laparoscópica / Cystic fibrosis in the adult and laparoscopic surgery

Introducción: La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad genética que constituye causa frecuente de neumopatía crónica grave en adultos jóvenes. Se asocia a cirrosis de vías biliares y cálculos vesiculares, por lo que el anestesiólogo debe estar familiarizado con las características clínicas de la enfermedad a fin de disminuir el índice de complicaciones perioperatorias que pueden presentarse. Objetivo: Presentar las características clínicas y la conducta perioperatoria en una paciente con diagnóstico de fibrosis quística anunciada para colecistectomía videolaparoscópica. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 19 años de edad, raza negra, con múltiples infecciones respiratorias durante la infancia, que se diagnosticó como caso nuevo de fibrosis quística y durante los estudios se observó litiasis vesicular sintomática por lo que se anunció para colecistectomía videolaparoscópica. Se describe la evaluación y preparación preoperatoria, así como la conducta anestésica intraoperatoria. Conclusiones: Los resultados anestésicos dependen de la atención a una enfermedad compleja que afecta a múltiples órganos y el control estrecho y el tratamiento oportuno de la enfermedad pulmonar previa(AU)

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that is a frequent cause of severe chronic lung disease in young adults. It is associated with biliary tract cirrhosis and gallstones, a reason why the anesthesiologist must be familiar with the clinical characteristics of the disease in order to reduce the rate of perioperative complications that may occur. Objective: To present the clinical characteristics and perioperative behavior in a patient diagnosed with cystic fibrosis announced for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clinical case: Female patient of 19 years of age, black race, with multiple respiratory infections during childhood, who was diagnosed as a new case of cystic fibrosis. During the studies, symptomatic vesicular lithiasis was observed, that's why the patient what was announced for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. The evaluation and preoperative preparation, as well as the intraoperative anesthetic behavior are described. Conclusions: Anesthetic outcomes depend on the attention to a complex disease that affects multiple organs and the close control and timely treatment of previous lung disease(AU)

Cirugía abdominal laparoscópica en el adulto mayor / Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery in the Aged Adult

RESUMEN Introducción: La cirugía de mínimo acceso en general y en particular la abdominal laparoscópica ha revolucionado la cirugía ofreciendo mejoría en la calidad de vida de los pacientes lo cual se hace más evidente en los adultos mayores. Objetivo: Describir la efectividad y seguridad de la cirugía abdominal laparoscópica en el adulto mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva en una serie consecutiva de 204 adultos mayores con indicación de cirugía abdominal laparoscópica en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso en el primer semestre del año 2017. Resultados: La edad mediana fue de 68,0 (60-90) años, predominó el sexo femenino (71,6 por ciento). La comorbilidad en 180 pacientes (88,2 por ciento). La litiasis vesicular (43,2 por ciento), hernia inguinal (14,1 por ciento) y afecciones colorrectales (12,2 por ciento) fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes mientras que la colecistectomía laparoscópica (44,1 por ciento), hernioplastia inguinal (14,1 por ciento) y la cirugía colorrectal (12,2 por ciento) las técnicas más realizadas. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico fue 60,0 (15-360) minutos. Hubo una tasa de complicaciones de 6,9 por ciento, de conversión de 3,4 por ciento, reintervención de 2,0 por ciento y mortalidad de 0,5 por ciento. La mediana de la estadía hospitalaria fue de 1,0 (1-52) días. El antecedente de cirugía por cáncer se asoció con la presencia de complicaciones, p=0,000. Conclusiones: La cirugía abdominal laparoscópica constituye una opción efectiva y segura para el adulto mayor(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Minimal access surgery in general, and particularly laparoscopic abdominal surgery, have revolutionized surgery that offers improvement in the quality of life of patients, which is more evident in older adults. Objective: To describe the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic abdominal surgery in the aged adult. Methods: A descriptive investigation was carried out in a consecutive series of 204 aged adults with indication for laparoscopic abdominal surgery, at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery, in the first semester of 2017. Results: The median age was 68.0 (60-90) years. The female sex predominated (71.6 percent). Comorbidity in 180 patients (88.2 percent). Vesicular lithiasis (43.2 percent), inguinal hernia (14.1 percent) and colorectal disorders (12.2 percent) were the most frequent diagnoses, while laparoscopic cholecystectomy (44.1 percent), inguinal hernioplasty (14.1 percent) and colorectal surgery (12.2 percent) were the most performed techniques. The median surgical time was 60.0 (15-360) minutes. There was a complication rate of 6.9 percent, a conversion rate of 3.4 percent, reintervention of 2.0 percent and mortality of 0.5 percent. The median of the hospital stay was 1.0 (1-52) days. The history of surgery for cancer was associated with the presence of complications, p=0.000. Conclusions: Laparoscopic abdominal surgery is an effective and safe option for the aged adult(AU)

Repercusión de la colecistectomía laparoscópica en el paciente geriátrico / Repercussion of laparoscopic cholecistectomy on elderly patient

Introducción: Cada día resulta mayor la proporción de ancianos que asiste a los quirófanos. El manejo de estos pacientes ha ido evolucionando aparejadamente a las técnicas mínimamente invasivas, encaminadas a evitar la hospitalización, las complejas pruebas complementarias y los costosos tratamientos. Objetivo: Determinar los factores que repercuten en la hemodinamia del paciente geriátrico durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico de 132 pacientes mayores de 60 años intervenidos por colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva, en el Hospital clínico-quirúrgico Julio Trigo López durante el período comprendido desde enero de 2014 hasta junio de 2016. Resultados: Predominó el grupo correspondiente a los 60 - 69 años de edad, el sexo femenino y el estado físico ASA II. El 75 por ciento de los pacientes no sufrió cambios hemodinámicos. Se presentó un 25 por ciento de variabilidades hemodinámicas predominantes en el grupo de 70-79 años de edad. La diferencia en la variabilidad hemodinámica entre los grupos etarios resultó altamente significativa. La hipertensión arterial (51,5 por ciento) y la taquicardia (27,3 por ciento) fueron las variaciones más frecuentes. Los factores determinantes en los cambios fueron dependientes del proceder quirúrgico: mayor presión intrabdominal posneumoperitoneo (22 por ciento) y Trendelenburg superior a 10 grados (93,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los factores determinantes en la hemodinamia fueron dependientes del acto quirúrgico. Se presentaron variaciones significativas entre los diferentes grupos etarios, sugiriendo cierta influencia del factor edad, pero la mayor longevidad no constituyó un aspecto decisivo. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es una valiosa alternativa terapéutica para los pacientes ancianos(AU)

Introduction: The number of elderly patients undergoing surgery is greater every day. The management of these patients has been evolving together with minimal invasive techniques, aimed at avoiding hospitalization, complex complementary tests, and expensive treatments. Objective: To determine the factors that have an effect on the hemodynamics of the geriatric patient during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, and analytic study was conducted in 132 patients older than 60 years of age who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Julio Trigo López Clinical and Surgical Hospital during the period between January 2014 to June 2016. Results: Subjects aged 60 to 69 years, the female sex, and the physical state ASA II predominated in the study. 75% of these patients did not suffer hemodynamic changes. 25 percent of predominant hemodynamic variabilities were present especially in the group aged 70 to 79 years. The difference in hemodynamic variability between the age groups was highly significant. Arterial hypertension (51,5 percent and tachycardia (27,3 percent) were the most frequent variations. The determining factors in the changes were dependent on the surgical procedure: higher intra-abdominal pressure after pneumoperitoneum (22 percent) and Trendelenburg higher than 10 degrees (93.9 percent). Conclusions: The determining factors in hemodynamics were dependent on the surgical act. There were significant variations among the different age groups, suggesting a certain influence of the age factor, but the greatest longevity didn't constitute a decisive aspect. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a valuable therapeutic alternative for elderly patients(AU)